| March
10, 1952 Batista play a military blow against Prío Socarrás's
government, breaking the constitutional order. He receives the
support of militaries forces and is proclaimed president. United
States recognizes its government. Although the blow was bloodless,
the student sectors begin a stage of protests.
In
1953, lawyer Fidel Castro heads an attack against the barracks
Moncada of the oriental city Santiago de Cuba, about 900 kilometers
to the east of Havana, with dozens of dead of both sides. Castro
is arrested and convict to 15 years of prison. In 1955 the rebels,
included Castro, were amnestied. In December of 1956, Castro heads
a landing of rebellious forces of the Movement 26 of Julio coming
from Mexico. The guerilla fight begins in the Sierra Maestra's
mountains, in the oriental region and in the cities and towns
begans too a not less strong fight of urban guerrilla, in particular
in Havana and Santiago de Cuba. In 1958 the United States retires
the military help to Batista's government that already for 2 years
has derived in a bloody dictatorship that pursues and murderous
opponents without adjustment to law some.
At
the end of the fifties ' the North American capital is predominant
in the economy of Cuba and it controls the one:
90%
of the mining production
80% of the public services
50% of the railroads
40% of the production of sugar
25% of the bank deposits
In
1958, however, the Cuban economy has continued its growing acting
and the country is located among the first ones 22 of the world
for the level of its population's life that is of approximately
6 000 000 of inhabitants.
In
the dawn of January 1, 1959 Batista with their relatives and close
officials abandons escaping toward Dominican Republic and leaving
a provisional government that soon crumbles, in next days the
rebellious forces occupy the cities and towns of the country without
resistance and the day 2 of January Commandant Camilo Cienfuegos
enters in Havana, occupying it. Fidel Castro enters in Havana
January 8, 1959 and is named First Minister in February. Almost
immediately the Revolutionary Government implements a politics
of nationalization of foreign and national companies and a law
of Agrarian Reformation is signed that enter in contradiction
with the interests of United States. Parallelly begins to produce
an approach then with the Soviet Union and the call socialist
field (communist), Anatas Mikoyan, Minister of External Relationships
of the Soviet Union visits Havana in February of 1960 signing
commercial agreements and in May of the same year diplomatic relationships
are settles among the 2 countries. The United States takes economic
and political measures, it imposes the economic embargo to the
island (effective even nowadays) in October of 1960, it breaks
up diplomatics relationships with Cuba in January of 1961 and
offer support to the against government groups that inside of
and outside of the island seek to overthrow the government. President
Eisenhower orders to study and to plan actions, included armed,
to put an end to Fidel Castro's government.
From
the same year 1959 a strong migratory current of Cuba has begun
toward United States that deprives the country of 50% of the doctors
and teachers in the first years and that with the step of the
years it will end up being of more of 1 000 000 of Cuban.
In
April, 1961 armed Cuban exiles' trained by United States (around
1 500 men) carry out a landing in Bay of Pigs (Playa Girón,
in Cuba) that is defeated in 3 days by the government forces.
Parallelly already a strong against government movement that ends
up having guerrillas in all the counties of the country exists
although, they were particularly strong in the Sierra of the Escambray,
in the center-southern region of the island that won't be defeated
definitively until final of 1965. In April, 1961 Fidel Castro's
declares the socialist character of the Cuban Revolution.
October
14, 1962 begin the call Crisis of the Missiles (Crisis of October,
in Cuba) when an airplane of North American recognition discovers
the construction of locations for nuclear missiles of medium reach
near San Cristobal, in the county of Pinar del Rio and it finishes
October 27 with the Soviet commitment of taking the missiles of
Cuba and the North American out of not invading it. The world
was never so near the nuclear war as in those 13 days.
In
1968 what was known as the revolutionary offensive rushes and
55 000 small companies and trade are nationalized being starting
from that moment all the production goods and services in state
hands, with the exception of small properties of peasants that
were benefitted by the Agrarian Reformation of 1960 or that they
were already proprietors to the victory of the Cuban Revolution.
In
1976 a new Constitution is adopted that it recognizes the socialist
character of the Cuban state and among other changes it defines
a new political-administrative division creating 14 counties (instead
of the 6 that there was until then) but the special municipality
of Island of the Youth (Island of Pines).
The
social politicians go to a continuous improvement of the access
and quality of the services of health and educational mainly (free
both), but however the acting of the economy is precarious.
In
1991 with the disappearance of the call Socialist Field (communist
block) and the Soviet Union the country loses 85% of its trade
and international help abruptly and falls in a strong economic
crisis that reaches its culminating point in the years of 1993
and 1994. The government implements certain measures of liberalization
of the economy (markets agricultural peasants free, small private
companies of services, as restaurants, cafeterias, etc, individual
work self-employed (until then alone the work was admitted with
state companies) and laws are promulgated that allow the foreign
investment in certain economic sectors of the country and always
in association with state companies. The measures palliated the
economic crisis and they have allowed a certain recovery degree
to the national economy.
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